Artificial intelligence is a technology, or rather a direction of modern science, which studies ways to teach a computer, robotic technology, and an analytical system to think intelligently like a person. Actually, the dream of intelligent robot assistants arose long before the invention of the first computers.
People in the mid-50s of the last century were greatly impressed by the capabilities of computers, especially the ability of computers, to accurately perform many tasks simultaneously. Scientists and writers immediately had fantastic ideas about thinking machines in their heads. It was during this period that the first artificial intelligence technologies begin to emerge.
Research in AI is conducted by studying the mental abilities of a person and translating the results obtained into the field of computers. Thus, artificial intelligence receives information from a wide variety of sources and disciplines. This is informatics, mathematics, linguistics, psychology, biology, mechanical engineering. Computers use machine learning technology to simulate human intelligence based on massive amounts of data.
The main goals of AI are fairly transparent:
Creation of analytical systems that have intelligent behavior, can independently or under the supervision of a person learn, make predictions and build hypotheses based on the data set.
The implementation of human intelligence in a machine is the creation of robotic assistants that can behave like humans: think, learn, understand and perform assigned tasks.
The history of the development of artificial intelligence
The authorship of the term "artificial intelligence" is attributed to John McCarthy - the founder of programming, the inventor of the Lisp language. In 1956, the future prestigious Turing Prize winner demonstrated a prototype AI program at Carnegie Mellon University.
Humanity began to dream of smart robots in the first quarter of the 20th century. In 1924 the famous writer Karel Chapek staged the play "Universal Robots" in a London theater. The performance amazed the audience, and the word "robot" has become firmly established.
In 1943-45, the foundations for understanding and creating neural networks were laid, and already in 1950 Alan Turing published an analysis of the intellectual chess game in a scientific publication. In 1958, the first artificial intelligence programming language, Lisp, appears.
Between 1960 and 1970, a number of scientists proved that computers can understand natural language at a fairly good level. In 1965, Eliza was developed, the first robot assistant that could speak English. In the same years, the direction of AI began to attract government and military organizations of the USA, USSR and other countries. So the US Department of Defense by the 70s launched a project of virtual street maps - a GPS prototype.
In 1969, scientists at Stanford University created Sheki, an AI robot that can move independently, perceive some data and solve simple tasks.
At the University of Edinburgh four years later (1973), the robot Freddie was created - this Scottish representative of the AI family could use computer vision in order to find and collect different models.
In the USSR, artificial intelligence also developed rapidly. Academicians A.I. Berg and G.S. Pospelov in 1954-64 created the program "ALPEV LOMI", which automatically proves theorems. In the same years, Soviet scientists developed the Bark algorithm, which simulates the activity of the human brain in pattern recognition. In 1968, V.F. Turchin created a symbolic data processing language REFAL.
The 1980s were a breakthrough for AI. Scientists have developed learning machines - intelligent consultants who offered solutions, knew how to self-learn at an initial level, and communicated with a person in a limited, but already natural language.
In 1997, a well-known chess program was created - the Deep Blue computer, which beat the world chess champion Garry Kasparov. In the same years, Japan began to develop a project for a 6th generation computer based on neural networks.
An interesting fact is that in 1989 another Deep Thought chess program beat the international grandmaster Bent Larsen. After this duel between machine and man, Garry Kasparov said:
“If an intelligent machine can outplay the best of the best in chess, then it will be able to write the best music, compose the best books. I can not believe this. When I find out that scientists have created a computer with an intelligence rating of 2800, that is, equal to mine, I myself will challenge the machine to a chess match to protect the human race. "
AI principles
Before describing the technological principles, without which the development of artificial intelligence is unthinkable, it is worth getting acquainted with the ethical laws of robotics. They were brought out in 1942 by Isaac Asimov in his novel Round Dance:
A robot or a system with artificial intelligence cannot harm a person by its action or by its inaction to allow harm to a person.
The robot must obey the orders it receives from the person, except for those that are contrary to the First Law.
The robot must take care of its safety, if it does not contradict the First and Second Laws.
Prior to the publication of Asimov's novel, artificial intelligence was associated with the Frankenstein image of Mary Shelley. An artificially created likeness of a person with reason rebelles against people. The same horror story was transferred to the famous Hollywood blockbuster "The Terminator".
This text 08 AğUSTOS 2021 It was written on.